ISOLATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF LACTOSE AND NON- LACTOSE FERMENTING BACTERIA FROM TERTIARY CARE HOSPITAL AND THEIR ANTIMICROBIAL SUSCEPTIBILITY TESTâ€

Objective: The purpose of the present study was to identify the fermenting and non-fermenting gram negative bacteria from the tertiary care hospital.Methods: The conventional method of identification by biochemical analysis and antibiotic susceptibility test was performed by Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method. Furthermore, analysis of microbes was done by Vitek-2.Results: 424strains of lactose fermenting and non-lactose fermenting gram negative bacilli were isolated from 3097 clinical samples. From the total lactose fermenting bacteria Escherichia coli was the predominant isolate accounting for 50.94% specimens, followed by Klebsiella pneumonia 27.59% and Enterobacter 0.47%. From the total non-lactose fermenting gram negative bacilli Acinetobacter baumannii was the predominant isolate accounting for 12.73% specimens followed by Pseudomonas aeroginosa 6.13%, other isolates were Stenotrophomonas maltophilia 1.17% , Burkholderia cepacia 0.94%. In the present study male were more infected than female. The study also showed that lactose fermenting bacteria were more infectious than non lactose-fermenting bacteria and isolates were from urine samples.Conclusion: Both Non-Lactose Fermenting Gram Negative Bacilli and Lactose Fermenting Gram Negative Bacilli were found to be major contaminants, and are important pathogenic bacteria causing wide range of infections in the tertiary care hospital.Keywords: Lactose fermenting gram negative bacteria, Vitek-2, Tertiary Care Hospital, Kirby-Bauer Disc Diffusion, Lactose non-fermenting gram negative bacteria Â

NOSOCOMIAL INFECTION BY NON-FERMENTING GRAM NEGATIVE BACILLI IN TERTIARY CARE HOSPITAL: SCREENING AND CURE

Objective: The purpose of the present study was to identify the Non-Fermenting Gram Negative Bacteria from the tertiary care hospital.Methods: The conventional method was used i.e. Antibiotic susceptibility test which was performed by Kirby–Bauer disc diffusion method and analysis of microbes was done by Vitek-2.Results: 172 samples were identified as Non-Fermenting Gram-Negative Bacilli from 1526 respiratory samples. Acinetobacter baumanii was the predominant isolate accounting 103 (59.88%) specimens followed by Pseudomonas aeruginosa 33.13%. Other isolates were Stenotrophomonas maltophilia 5.23% and Burkholderi acepacia1.74%. From the 172 samples, Endotracheal Aspirate was found to be the most infected amongst all the other samples. Acinetobacter baumanii and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were the most common NFGNB isolated in our study from patients of Respiratory Tract Infections.Conclusion: Both Acinetobacter baumanii and Pseudomonas aeruginosa showed good sensitivity to colistin, amikacin, cefoperazone while in most cases carbapenam is found to be highly resistant. Colistin along with amikacin and cefoperazone should be used against this pathogen for treatment.Keywords: Nosocomial infection, Gram negative bacilli, Tertiary care hospital, Lower respiratory tract infection, Non-fermenting bacill

Advanced laboratory testing methods using real-time simulation and hardware-in-the-loop techniques : a survey of smart grid international research facility network activities

The integration of smart grid technologies in interconnected power system networks presents multiple challenges for the power industry and the scientific community. To address these challenges, researchers are creating new methods for the validation of: control, interoperability, reliability of Internet of Things systems, distributed energy resources, modern power equipment for applications covering power system stability, operation, control, and cybersecurity. Novel methods for laboratory testing of electrical power systems incorporate novel simulation techniques spanning real-time simulation, Power Hardware-in-the-Loop, Controller Hardware-in-the-Loop, Power System-in-the-Loop, and co-simulation technologies. These methods directly support the acceleration of electrical systems and power electronics component research by validating technological solutions in high-fidelity environments. In this paper, members of the Survey of Smart Grid International Research Facility Network task on Advanced Laboratory Testing Methods present a review of methods, test procedures, studies, and experiences employing advanced laboratory techniques for validation of range of research and development prototypes and novel power system solutions